general information about immune system
the 3 levels of the immune response and the components of each level:
evaluation of the similarities and differences between specific and non specific immune responses.
In non specific immunity the same type and level of response occurs after exposer to a foreign antigen and there is no immune memory of that antigen. In adaptive immunity the response is specific to each antigen, the immune system remembers prior contact and a greater response sequence exposer.
Understanding of the concept between self and non self.
Self: every cell in an organisms body carries the same set of distinctive proteins (MHC markers) that distinguish them as self
Non self: they have different surface antigens and are detected as foreign.
T cells-What are they? How do they work? How many types are there?
T helper cells: these t cells activate cytoxic T cells and present antigens to immature B cells
Cytoxic t cells: Recognise antigens on the surface of a infected cell, binds to infected cell and kills it
Natural killer cell: are another type of lymphocytes that act differently to other t cells, they do not recognise pieces of antigenic fragments and bind to them, instead natural killer cells look for cells without the specific self MHC markers and attack them by binding to its surface and realising chemicals.
Macrophages in action- What are they? How do they work?
A macrophage is a cell that is a part of the process known as phagocytosis where they identify foreign pathogens such as bacteria and engulf them, where they then digest it and combine a fragment with an MHC marker which is then presented to a t helper cell ready to be sent to an immature B cell.
In non specific immunity the same type and level of response occurs after exposer to a foreign antigen and there is no immune memory of that antigen. In adaptive immunity the response is specific to each antigen, the immune system remembers prior contact and a greater response sequence exposer.
Understanding of the concept between self and non self.
Self: every cell in an organisms body carries the same set of distinctive proteins (MHC markers) that distinguish them as self
Non self: they have different surface antigens and are detected as foreign.
T cells-What are they? How do they work? How many types are there?
T helper cells: these t cells activate cytoxic T cells and present antigens to immature B cells
Cytoxic t cells: Recognise antigens on the surface of a infected cell, binds to infected cell and kills it
Natural killer cell: are another type of lymphocytes that act differently to other t cells, they do not recognise pieces of antigenic fragments and bind to them, instead natural killer cells look for cells without the specific self MHC markers and attack them by binding to its surface and realising chemicals.
Macrophages in action- What are they? How do they work?
A macrophage is a cell that is a part of the process known as phagocytosis where they identify foreign pathogens such as bacteria and engulf them, where they then digest it and combine a fragment with an MHC marker which is then presented to a t helper cell ready to be sent to an immature B cell.
B cells and antibodies- What are they? How do they work?
Immature B cells a self cells in the body that are in charge of producing B memory cells and B plasma cells that are used in the creation of antibodies. Once a macrophage has displayed its antigenic fragment and has been collected by the t helper cell it then shows this information to an immature B cell that will create B memory and B plasma cells. B memory cells are produced after an initial exposure to an antigen and remain in the body and create a more rapid response if an antigen is encountered again. A B plasma cell produces large quantities of antibodies that remove threats posed by the antigen. B plasma cells produce antibodies that are specific to an antigen. Antibodies are created by B plasma cells to neutralise the antigen present.
Inflammatory response- Why and how does this occur
The inflammatory response is a non-specific response and begins when there is a wound in damaged tissue. Once tissue is broken tissue cells release chemical signals to activate endothelial cells. Once these cells appear they slow down neutrophils along the endothelium. the injured tissue cells that are releasing chemical signals tell mast cells to release their chemical histamine which causes vasodilation in the capillaries which means blood permeability increases which allows neutrophils to squeeze through the endothelium wall and to the damaged site where they engulf the bacteria.
Immature B cells a self cells in the body that are in charge of producing B memory cells and B plasma cells that are used in the creation of antibodies. Once a macrophage has displayed its antigenic fragment and has been collected by the t helper cell it then shows this information to an immature B cell that will create B memory and B plasma cells. B memory cells are produced after an initial exposure to an antigen and remain in the body and create a more rapid response if an antigen is encountered again. A B plasma cell produces large quantities of antibodies that remove threats posed by the antigen. B plasma cells produce antibodies that are specific to an antigen. Antibodies are created by B plasma cells to neutralise the antigen present.
Inflammatory response- Why and how does this occur
The inflammatory response is a non-specific response and begins when there is a wound in damaged tissue. Once tissue is broken tissue cells release chemical signals to activate endothelial cells. Once these cells appear they slow down neutrophils along the endothelium. the injured tissue cells that are releasing chemical signals tell mast cells to release their chemical histamine which causes vasodilation in the capillaries which means blood permeability increases which allows neutrophils to squeeze through the endothelium wall and to the damaged site where they engulf the bacteria.